Yini izihlungi zekhabhoni ezisebenzayo ezisusa futhi zinciphise?

Ngokwe-EPA (I-Environmental Protection Agency e-United States) I-Actiated Carbon iwukuphela kobuchwepheshe besihlungi esituswayo ukuba bususwe

• zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhonjiwe ezingama-32 ezihlanganisa ama-THM (ngemikhiqizo evela ku-chlorine).
• zonke izibulala-zinambuzane ezisohlwini eziyi-14 (lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-nitrate kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezifana ne-glyphosate ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi yi-roundup)
• imithi yokubulala ukhula eyi-12 evame kakhulu.

Lezi yizingcolisi ezithile kanye namanye amakhemikhali akhishwa izisefo zamalahle.

I-Chlorine (Cl)

Iningi lamanzi ompompi womphakathi e-Europe naseNyakatho Melika alawulwa kakhulu, ahlolwe futhi agunyazwe ukuthi aphuzwe.Nokho, ukuze kuphephe, kwengezwa i-chlorine engase iyenze inambitheke futhi inuke kabi.Izihlungi Zekhabhoni Ezicushiwe zinhle kakhulu ekususeni i-chlorine nokuhlobene nokunganambitheki kahle kanye nephunga.Izihlungi zekhabhoni ezicushiwe zekhwalithi ephezulu zingasusaI-95% noma ngaphezulu ye-chlorine yamahhala.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngalokhu funda mayelanai-chlorine ephelele futhi yamahhala.

I-Chlorine akufanele ididaniswe ne-Chloride okuyimineral ehlanganiswe ne-sodium ne-calcium.I-chloride ingase yenyuke kancane lapho amanzi ehlungwa ngekhabhoni ecushiwe.

I-Chlorine bi-products

Ukukhathazeka okuvame kakhulu mayelana namanzi ompompi yimikhiqizo ephumayo (VOCs) evela ku-chlorine efana nama-THM ahlonzwa njengangaba nomdlavuza.I-activated carbon iphumelela kakhulu kunanoma ibuphi obunye ubuchwepheshe bokuhlunga ekususeni lezi.Ngokusho kwe-EPA isusa imikhiqizo engama-32 ejwayelekile ye-chlorine.Okuvame ukukalwa emibikweni yamanzi kampompi ingqikithi yama-THM.

I-Chloride (Cl-)

I-Chloride iyiminerali yemvelo esiza ukugcina umthamo wegazi ofanele, umfutho wegazi, kanye ne-pH yoketshezi lomzimba.Kodwa-ke, i-Chloride eningi emanzini ingabangela ukunambitheka okunosawoti.I-Chloride iyingxenye yemvelo yamanzi kampompi ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izici zezempilo ezingezinhle.Kuyingxenye yenqubo yokugcotshwa kwamanzi okuphuza amagciwane ayingozi nama-virus.Ayidingi ukuhlungwa noma ukususwa kodwa ikhabhoni ecushiwe ngokuvamile yehlisa i-chloride ngo-50-70%.Ezimweni ezingavamile, i-chloride ingase ikhule.

Izibulala-zinambuzane

Izibulala-zinambuzane ziyizinto ezihloselwe ukulawula izinambuzane, okuhlanganisa ukhula olugcina lusemanzini angaphansi komhlaba, emachibini, emifuleni, olwandle futhi ngezinye izikhathi emanzini ampompi naphezu kokwelashwa.I-Active Carbon ihlolelwa ukususa izibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-14 ezivame kakhulu ezihlanganisa i-Chlordane, i-Chlordecone (i-CLD/Kepone), i-Glyphosate (I-Round-up), i-Heptachlor, ne-Lindane.Lokhu kufaka ne-Nitrate (bheka ngezansi).

Imithi yokubulala ukhula

Imithi yokubulala ukhula eyaziwa nangokuthi izibulala-khula, yizinto ezisetshenziselwa ukulawula izitshalo ezingafuneki.I-Active Carbon ihlolwa ukuze kukhishwe izibulala-khula ezingu-12 ezivame kakhulu ezihlanganisa i-2,4-D ne-Atrazine.

I-Nitrate (NO32-)

I-nitrate ingenye yezakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu ezitshalweni.Iwumthombo ocebile weNitrogen, obalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.I-Nitrate ayinawo umthelela olimazayo owaziwayo kubantu abadala ngaphandle uma inamanani aphezulu kakhulu.Kodwa-ke, i-Nitrate eningi emanzini ingabangela i-Methemoglobinemia, noma "i-blue baby" isifo (Ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo).

I-Nitrate emanzini ompompi ngokuyinhloko isuka kumanyolo, izinhlelo ze-septic, kanye nokugcinwa komquba noma imisebenzi yokusabalalisa.Ikhabhoni ecushiwe ngokuvamile yehlisa i-nitrate ngo-50-70% kuye ngekhwalithi yesihlungi.

PFOS

I-PFOS ikhemikhali yokwenziwa esetshenziswa eg.Eminyakeni edlule igcine isendaweni ezungezile kanye nemithombo yamanzi okuphuza ngezigameko ezimbalwa ezinkulu eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu.Ngokocwaningo lwango-2002 olwenziwa yi-Environmental Directorate ye-OECD "i-PFOS iyaphikelela, i-bioaccumulative futhi inobuthi ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo."Ikhabhoni ecushiwe itholwe isebenza ngempumelelosusa i-PFOS kufaka phakathi i-PFAS, i-PFOA ne-PFNA.

I-Phosphate (PO43-)

I-Phosphate, njenge-nitrate, ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.I-Phosphate iyi-corrosion inhibitor eqinile.Ukugcwala okuphezulu kwePhosphate akuzange kubonise ubungozi bezempilo kubantu.Izinhlelo zamanzi zomphakathi (PWSs) zivame ukwengeza ama-phosphates emanzini okuphuza ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugeleza komthofu nethusi emapayipini nasezintweni.Izihlungi zamalahle ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngokuvamile zisusa ama-phosphates angama-70-90%.

I-Lithium (Li+)

I-lithium yenzeka ngokwemvelo emanzini okuphuza.Nakuba ikhona ngenani eliphansi kakhulu, i-Lithium empeleni iyisakhi se-antidepressant.Ayizange ibonise imiphumela eyingozi emzimbeni womuntu.I-lithium ingatholakala emanzini ane-continental brine, emanzini ashisayo, nasezintabeni zikawoyela-gas.Izihlungi zamalahle njenge-TAPP Water zehlisa u-70-90% wale elementi.

 Ezemithi

Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yonke indawo kuye kwaholela ekukhishweni okuqhubekayo kwemithi kanye nama-metabolites awo emanzini angcolile.Ukuqaphela kwamanje kuphakamisa ukuthi mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi ukuchayeka emazingeni aphansi kakhulu emithi emanzini okuphuza kungaholela ezingozini ezimbi kakhulu empilweni yabantu, njengoba ukugxila kwemithi etholakala emanzini okuphuza kuyimiyalo eminingana yobukhulu ephansi kunomthamo omncane wokwelapha. .Imithi ingase ikhishelwe emithonjeni yamanzi emanzini angcolile avela ezindaweni zokukhiqiza noma zokukhiqiza ezingalawulwa kahle, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihambisana nemithi ejwayelekile.Izihlungi ze-carbon block zekhwalithi ephezulu njenge-EcoPro zisusa ama-95% emithi.

I-Microplastics

Ama-Microplastics awumphumela wemfucuza yepulasitiki ezinhlobonhlobo zemithombo.Umthelela oqondile we-microplastics empilweni yomuntu kunzima ukunquma ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene.Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zamapulasitiki, kanye nezithasiselo zamakhemikhali ezihlukahlukene ezingase zibe khona noma zingabi khona.Lapho imfucuza yepulasitiki ingena

emigwaqweni yamanzi, ayilulazi njengoba kwenza izinto zemvelo.Esikhundleni salokho, ukuchayeka emisebeni yelanga, ukusabela kumoya-mpilo, kanye nokuwohloka kwezinto ezibonakalayo njengamagagasi nesihlabathi kubangela imfucumfucu yepulasitiki ukuba ihlehle ibe yizicucu ezincane.Ama-microplastic amancane kakhulu akhonjwe emibikweni yomphakathi ama-micron angu-2.6.I-2 micron carbon block efana ne-EcoPro isusa wonke ama-microplastic amakhulu kuno-2-microns.