Yini esuswa futhi incishiswe yizihlungi zekhabhoni ezisebenzayo?

Ngokusho kwe-EPA (i-Environmental Protection Agency e-United States), i-Activated Carbon yiyona kuphela ubuchwepheshe bokuhlunga obunconywayo ukuthi bususwe.

• zonke izinto ezingu-32 ezitholakele ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo ezihlanganisa ama-THM (imikhiqizo evela ku-chlorine).
• zonke izibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-14 ezibalwe (lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-nitrate kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezifana ne-glyphosate ebizwa nangokuthi i-roundup)
• imithi yokubulala ukhula eyi-12 evame kakhulu.

Lezi yizinto ezingcolisayo kanye namanye amakhemikhali asuswa yizihlungi zamalahle.

I-Chlorine (Cl)

Amanzi amaningi ompompi omphakathi eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika alawulwa kakhulu, ahlolwe futhi aqinisekiswe ukuthi ayaphuzwa. Kodwa-ke, ukuze aphephe, kufakwe i-chlorine engase iwenze anambitheke futhi anuke kabi. Izihlungi ze-Carbon ezisebenzayo zinhle kakhulu ekususeni i-chlorine kanye nokunambitheka okubi kanye nephunga elibi elihlobene nayo. Izihlungi ze-carbon ezisebenzayo ezisezingeni eliphezulu zingasusa95% noma ngaphezulu kwe-chlorine yamahhala.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngalokhu funda mayelanai-chlorine ephelele nekhululekile.

I-Chlorine akufanele ididaniswe ne-Chloride okuyiminerali ehlanganiswe yi-sodium ne-calcium. I-Chloride empeleni inganda kancane uma amanzi ehlungwa nge-activated carbon.

Imikhiqizo emibili ye-chlorine

Ukukhathazeka okuvame kakhulu ngamanzi ompompi yimikhiqizo ephuma ku-chlorine njenge-THMs ebonakala sengathi ingaba nomdlavuza.I-activated carbon isebenza kangcono kunanoma yimuphi omunye ubuchwepheshe bokuhlunga ekususeni lezi zinto.Ngokusho kwe-EPA isusa imikhiqizo engu-32 evame kakhulu ye-chlorine. Okuvame kakhulu ukukalwa emibikweni yamanzi ompompi yi-THM iyonke.

I-Chloride (Cl-)

I-Chloride iyiminerali yemvelo esiza ukugcina umthamo wegazi ofanele, umfutho wegazi, kanye ne-pH yoketshezi lomzimba. Kodwa-ke, i-Chloride eningi emanzini ingabangela ukunambitheka okunosawoti. I-Chloride iyisakhi semvelo samanzi ompompi ngaphandle kwezici ezingezinhle zempilo. Iyingxenye yenqubo yokufaka i-chlorine yokuphuza amanzi avela kumagciwane namagciwane ayingozi. Akudingeki ukuthi ihlungwe noma isuswe kodwa ikhabhoni esebenzayo ivame ukunciphisa i-chloride ngo-50-70%. Ezimweni ezingavamile i-chloride inganda ngempela.

Izibulala-zinambuzane

Izibulala-zinambuzane yizinto ezenzelwe ukulawula izinambuzane, okuhlanganisa ukhula olugcina emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, emachibini, emifuleni, olwandle futhi ngezinye izikhathi emanzini ompompi naphezu kokwelashwa. I-Activated Carbon ihlolwa ukuze kususwe izibulala-zinambuzane eziyi-14 ezivame kakhulu okuhlanganisa i-Chlordane, i-Chlordecone (CLD/Kepone), i-Glyphosate (Round-up), i-Heptachlor, ne-Lindane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-Nitrate (bheka ngezansi).

Ukubulala ukhula

Ama-herbicides aziwa nangokuthi ama-weedkillers, ayizinto ezisetshenziswa ukulawula izitshalo ezingafuneki. I-Activated Carbon ihlolwa ukususa ama-herbicides ayi-12 avame kakhulu okuhlanganisa i-2,4-D kanye ne-Atrazine.

I-Nitrate (NO32-)

I-Nitrate ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezitshalweni. Iwumthombo ocebile we-Nitrogen, ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. I-Nitrate ayinawo umphumela oyingozi owaziwayo kubantu abadala ngaphandle kokuthi inamanani aphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-Nitrate eningi emanzini ingabangela i-Methemoglobinemia, noma isifo "se-blue baby" (Ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo).

I-nitrate emanzini ompompi ngokuyinhloko ivela kumanyolo, izinhlelo ze-septic, kanye nemisebenzi yokugcina noma yokusabalalisa umquba. I-activated carbon ngokuvamile inciphisa i-nitrate ngo-50-70% kuye ngekhwalithi yesihlungi.

I-PFOS

I-PFOS iyikhemikhali yokwenziwa esetshenziswa isibonelo ku-foam yokulwa nomlilo, i-metal plating kanye ne-stain repellent. Eminyakeni edlule igcine isendaweni ezungezile kanye namanzi okuphuza kanye nezigameko ezimbalwa ezinkulu eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwango-2002 olwenziwe yi-Environmental Directorate ye-OECD “I-PFOS ihlala isikhathi eside, iqoqana futhi inobuthi ezinhlotsheni zezilwane ezincelisayo.” I-Activated Carbon itholakale ukuthi iyasebenza ngempumelelosusa i-PFOS okuhlanganisa i-PFAS, i-PFOA kanye ne-PFNA.

I-Phosphate (PO43-)

I-phosphate, njenge-nitrate, ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. I-phosphate iyisithiyo esinamandla sokugqwala. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-Phosphate akubonisi zingozi zempilo kubantu. Izinhlelo zamanzi zomphakathi (ama-PWS) zivame ukwengeza ama-phosphate emanzini okuphuza ukuvimbela ukuphuma komthofu nethusi emapayipini nasezintweni ezisetshenziswayo. Izihlungi zamalahle ezisezingeni eliphezulu zivame ukususa ama-phosphate angu-70-90%.

I-Lithium (Li+)

I-Lithium ivela ngokwemvelo emanzini okuphuza. Nakuba ikhona ngesivinini esiphansi kakhulu, i-Lithium empeleni iyisakhi sokucindezeleka. Ayizange ibonise imiphumela eyingozi emzimbeni womuntu. I-Lithium ingatholakala emanzini ane-continental brine, emanzini ashisayo, kanye namanzi ane-oyili-gas field brine. Izihlungi zamalahle ezifana ne-TAPP Water zinciphisa u-70-90% walesi sakhi.

 Imithi

Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwemithi kuye kwaholela ekukhishweni okuqhubekayo kwemithi kanye nama-metabolite ayo emanzini angcolile. Okubonwe njengamanje kusikisela ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukuchayeka emazingeni aphansi kakhulu emithi emanzini okuphuza kungaholela ezingozini ezimbi empilweni yabantu, njengoba amazinga emithi atholakala emanzini okuphuza ephansi kakhulu kunomthamo omncane wokwelapha. Imithi ingase ikhishwe emithonjeni yamanzi ekungcoleni okuvela ezindaweni zokukhiqiza noma zokukhiqiza ezingalawulwa kahle, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlotshaniswa nemithi ejwayelekile. Izihlungi ze-carbon block ezisezingeni eliphezulu njenge-EcoPro zisusa ama-95% emithi.

Amaplastiki amancane

Ama-microplastic ayimiphumela yemfucuza yepulasitiki emithonjeni eyahlukene. Umphumela oqondile wama-microplastic empilweni yabantu kunzima ukuwubona ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zamapulasitiki, kanye nezinye izithako zamakhemikhali ezingaba khona noma zingabi khona. Uma imfucuza yepulasitiki ingena

Emifuleni yamanzi, ayiboli njengoba izinto zemvelo zenza. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuchayeka emisebeni yelanga, ukusabela komoya-mpilo, kanye nokuwohloka okuvela ezintweni ezibonakalayo ezifana namagagasi nesihlabathi kubangela ukuthi imfucumfucu yepulasitiki iqhekeke ibe yizicucu ezincane. Ama-microplastic amancane kakhulu atholakale emibikweni yomphakathi angama-2.6 micron. Ibhulokhi yekhabhoni engama-micron amabili njenge-EcoPro isusa wonke ama-microplastic amakhulu kunama-micron amabili.